The large size of the particles tends to clog the flow channels, particularly if the cooling channels are narrow. If the circulation rate of the fluid is increased, sedimentation is reduced, but the erosion of the heat transfer devices, pipelines, etc., increases rapidly. The particles settle rapidly, forming a layer on the surface and reducing the heat transfer capacity of the fluid. The feasibility of the usage of such suspensions of solid particles with sizes on the order of 2 millimeters or micrometers was previously investigated by several researchers and the following significant drawbacks were observed (Das and Choi, 2006). High thermal conductivity of solids can be used to increase the thermal conductivity of a fluid by adding small solid particles to that fluid. Commonly used heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, and engine oil have relatively low thermal conductivities, when compared to the thermal conductivity of solids. Heat transfer efficiency can also be improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the working fluid.

Some methods are utilization of extended surfaces, application of vibration to the heat transfer surfaces, and usage of micro channels. There are several methods to improve the heat transfer efficiency. Thus the advent of high heat flow processes has created significant demand for new technologies to enhance heat transfer A number of work has been performed to gain an understanding of the heat transfer performance for their practical application to heat transfer enhancement. The development of high performance thermal systems for heat transfer enhancement has become popular nowadays. Some processes are even affected qualitatively by the action of enhanced heat transfer. The enhancement of heating or cooling in an industrial process may create a saving in energy, reduce process time, raise thermal rating and lengthen the working life of equipment. These processes provide a source for energy recovery and process fluid heating/cooling. Throughout any industrial facility, heat must be added, removed, or moved from one process stream to another and it has become a major task for industrial necessity.

A wide variety of industrial processes involve the transfer of heat energy.

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